django+selenium 12306接口车票查询

发布时间：2019-05-12 22:16:31编辑：Run阅读（6786）

WIN环境下

selenium环境安装

pip3 install selenium

还需要下载一个谷歌浏览器对应的chromedriver,下载地址:https://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/chromedriver/

放在python安装的对应目录即可，如下:

至于linux,mac环境可以参考其他的文章

12306页面分析：

在查询票这里，可以看到url的变化,是以拼接的方式构成的完整的url

kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/init?linktypeid=dc&fs=上海,SHH&ts=成都,CDW&date=2019-05-15&flag=N,N,Y

上海,SHH SHH为城市编号

成都,CDW CDW为城市编号

date=2019-05-15 为出发的日期

如下图所标:

只要找到各个城市对应编号,构造请求的url，就可以实现查询。

城市编码需要到首页获取:https://www.12306.cn/index/

我这里只是获取了热门城市的编号,之前用了requests去请求没有数据，这部分是基于JS动态加载的,那么还是上selenium把，无奈....

完整代码如下:

from selenium import webdriver
import time
import json


class QueryTicket:
    def main(self):
        url = 'https://www.12306.cn/index/index.html'
        options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
        options.add_argument('--disable-infobars')
        options.add_argument('--start-maximized')
        options.add_argument('--headless')
        browser = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=options)
        city_number_dict = {}
        try:
            browser.get(url)
            browser.implicitly_wait(20)
            time.sleep(3)
            # 找到热门城市的标签
            elements = browser.find_elements_by_xpath("//ul[@class='popcitylist']/li")
            for i in elements:
                city_name = i.get_attribute('title')
                city_number = i.get_attribute('data')
                city_number_dict.setdefault(city_name, city_number)
            print(city_number_dict)
            with open("city_number.txt", encoding='utf-8', mode='w') as f:
                f.write(json.dumps(city_number_dict, ensure_ascii=False))

        except Exception as e:
            print(e)
        finally:
            browser.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    st = QueryTicket()
    st.main()

运行结果:

{'北京': 'BJP', '上海': 'SHH', '天津': 'TJP', '重庆': 'CQW', '长沙': 'CSQ', '长春': 'CCT', '成都': 'CDW', '福州': 'FZS', '广州': 'GZQ', '贵阳': 'GIW', '呼和浩特': 'HHC', '哈尔滨': 'HBB', '合肥': 'HFH', '杭州': 'HZH', '海口': 'VUQ', '济南': 'JNK', '昆明': 'KMM', '拉萨': 'LSO', '兰州': 'LZJ', '南宁': 'NNZ', '南京': 'NJH', '南昌': 'NCG', '沈阳': 'SYT', '石家庄': 'SJP', '太原': 'TYV', '乌鲁木齐南': 'WMR', '武汉': 'WHN', '西宁': 'XNO', '西安': 'XAY', '银川': 'YIJ', '郑州': 'ZZF', '深圳': 'SZQ', '厦门': 'XMS'}

拿到城市,以及城市对应的编号，就可以构造请求,获取车票信息了.

只需要把城市,城市编号,出发日拼接成一个完整的url即可,如下:

https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/init?linktypeid=dc&fs=上海,SHH&ts=成都,CDW&date=2019-05-15&flag=N,N,Y

这里我又尝试用requests请求，还是没有数据,老老实实用selenium把

引用了一个资源文件,里面放的是user-agent

resource.py内容如下:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8
UserAgents = [
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:6.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/6.0",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50",
    "Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 6.1; U; zh-cn) Presto/2.9.168 Version/11.50",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0;",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; rv:2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1",
    "Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6.8; U; en) Presto/2.8.131 Version/11.11",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Maxthon 2.0)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; TencentTraveler 4.0)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; The World)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; 360SE)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Avant Browser)",
]

完整代码如下:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
import json
import random
import resource
import logging


class QueryTicket:
    @classmethod
    def getRandomHeaders(self):
        # 随机选取User-Agent头
        return random.choice(resource.UserAgents)

    def main(self, start_city, end_city, start_time):
        # 构建返回数据JSON
        result = {
            "describe": None,
            "data": None,
        }
        logging.captureWarnings(True)
        options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
        options.add_argument('--disable-infobars')
        options.add_argument('--start-maximized')
        options.add_argument('user-agent={}'.format(self.getRandomHeaders))
        options.add_argument('--headless')
        browser = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=options)
        try:
            all_train_number_list = []
            url = self.splicing_url(start_city, end_city, start_time)
            browser.get(url)
            browser.implicitly_wait(10)
            button = (By.XPATH, "//tbody[@id='queryLeftTable']/tr")
            WebDriverWait(browser, 20, 0.5).until(EC.presence_of_element_located(button))
            # 获取总信息
            train_number_describe = browser.find_element_by_xpath("//div[@id='sear-result']/p").text
            result["describe"] = train_number_describe
            element = browser.find_element_by_xpath("//tbody[@id='queryLeftTable']")
            # 找到所有车次
            lists = element.find_elements_by_xpath("./tr[@class='bgc'] | tr[@class='']")
            for i in lists:
                all_train_number_dict = {}
                # 车次
                train_number = i.find_element_by_xpath(".//a[@class='number']").text
                # 出发站
                departure_station = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//div[@class='cdz']/strong")[0].text
                # 到达站
                destination = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//div[@class='cdz']/strong")[1].text
                # 出发时间
                departure_time = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//div[@class='cds']/strong")[0].text
                # 到达时间
                arrival_time = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//div[@class='cds']/strong")[1].text
                # 历时 ,总时间
                duration_total_time = i.find_element_by_xpath(".//div[@class='ls']/strong").text
                # 历时，是否当日到达
                duration_describe = i.find_element_by_xpath(".//div[@class='ls']/span").text
                # 商务座,特等座
                business_seat = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[1].text
                # 一等座
                first_class_seat = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[2].text
                # 二等座
                two_class_seat = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[3].text
                # 高级软卧
                high_grade_soft_berth = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[4].text
                # 软卧一等卧
                first_class_sleeping = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[5].text
                # 动卧
                moving_position = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[6].text
                # 硬卧二等卧
                two_class_sleeping = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[7].text
                # 软座
                soft_seats = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[8].text
                # 硬座
                hard_seat = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[9].text
                # 无座
                no_seat = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[10].text
                # 其它
                other = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[11].text

                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("车次", train_number)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("出发站", departure_station)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("到达站", destination)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("出发时间", departure_time)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("到达时间", arrival_time)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("历时总时间", duration_total_time)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("历时是否当日到达", duration_describe)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("商务座特等座", business_seat)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("一等座", first_class_seat)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("二等座", two_class_seat)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("高级软卧", high_grade_soft_berth)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("软卧一等卧", first_class_sleeping)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("动卧", moving_position)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("硬卧二等卧", two_class_sleeping)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("软座", soft_seats)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("硬座", hard_seat)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("无座", no_seat)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("其它", other)
                all_train_number_list.append(all_train_number_dict)
            result['data'] = all_train_number_list
            return result
        except Exception as e:
            print(e)
            return result
        finally:
            browser.quit()

    def splicing_url(self, start_city, end_city, start_time):
        with open("city_number.txt", encoding='utf-8', mode='r') as f:
            city_number_dict = json.loads(f.read())
            if start_city and end_city in city_number_dict:
                url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/init?linktypeid=dc&fs={},{}&ts={},{}&date={}&flag=N,N,Y'.\
                    format(start_city, city_number_dict.get(start_city),
                           end_city, city_number_dict.get(end_city),
                           start_time)
                return url
            else:
                return False


if __name__ == '__main__':
    st = QueryTicket()
    ret = st.main('上海', '武汉', '2019-05-28')
    print(ret)

运行结果如下:

最后整合代码,使用django rest framework，实现一个基于post请求的查询接口

版本信息:

Django==2.2.1

djangorestframework==3.9.4

django settings.py配置,主要是三个地方,第三个可选

1 在 INSTALLED_APPS下配置rest_framework，如下:

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'app01.apps.App01Config',
    'rest_framework',
]

2 在最后添加上rest_framework的配置参数

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning",
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version',
    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',
    'PAGE_SIZE': 1,  # 默认分页大小
    "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES": ["app01.utils.throttle.MyThrottle", ],
    "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES": {
        "rate": "1/s",
    },
    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': ('rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer', ),
}

3 允许所有ip可访问，用于内网测试

ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']

django路由配置urls.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from django.conf.urls import url
from app01.views import RestApiView

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    url(r'^api?', RestApiView.as_view(), name='api'),
]

django视图配置views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
from rest_framework.versioning import QueryParameterVersioning
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from django.http import JsonResponse
from app01.selenium import query_tick_12306
import json, time, os
# Create your views here.


class RestApiView(APIView):
    versioning_class = QueryParameterVersioning

    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        请求到来之后，都要执行dispatch方法，dispatch方法根据请求方式不同触发 get/post/put等方法
        """
        return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return JsonResponse({"status": 200})

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
        file_path = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'selenium', 'city_number.txt')
        start_city = request.data.get('start_city').strip()
        end_city = request.data.get('end_city').strip()
        start_time = request.data.get('start_time').strip()
        now_time = self.now_time()
        # 判断时间是否过期
        if now_time > start_time:
            return JsonResponse({"status": "error", "message": "过期时间"})

        with open(file_path, encoding='utf-8', mode='r') as f:
            city_number_dict = json.loads(f.read())
            # print(city_number_dict)
            # 判断城市是否在对应字典里面
            if start_city in city_number_dict and end_city in city_number_dict:
                url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/init?linktypeid=dc&fs={},{}&ts={},{}&date={}&flag=N,N,Y'.\
                    format(start_city, city_number_dict.get(start_city),
                           end_city, city_number_dict.get(end_city),
                           start_time)
                st = query_tick_12306.QueryTicket()
                ret = st.main(url)
                return JsonResponse(ret)
            else:
                return JsonResponse({"status": "error", "message": "城市错误"})

    def now_time(self):
        return time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d', time.localtime(time.time()))

创建两个自定义文件夹selenium,utils,完整目录结构如下:

selenium对应爬虫的两个文件,需手动运行获取城市编号的python脚本,另一个是获取车票信息的

get_12306_city.py 获取城市,以及城市编号，需提前手动运行下,会自动生成一个city_number.txt文件

from selenium import webdriver
import time
import json


class QueryTicket:
    def main(self):
        url = 'https://www.12306.cn/index/index.html'
        options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
        options.add_argument('--disable-infobars')
        options.add_argument('--start-maximized')
        options.add_argument('--headless')
        browser = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=options)
        city_number_dict = {}
        try:
            browser.get(url)
            browser.implicitly_wait(20)
            time.sleep(3)
            # 找到热门城市的标签
            elements = browser.find_elements_by_xpath("//ul[@class='popcitylist']/li")
            for i in elements:
                city_name = i.get_attribute('title')
                city_number = i.get_attribute('data')
                city_number_dict.setdefault(city_name, city_number)
            print(city_number_dict)
            with open("city_number.txt", encoding='utf-8', mode='w') as f:
                f.write(json.dumps(city_number_dict, ensure_ascii=False))

        except Exception as e:
            print(e)
        finally:
            browser.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    st = QueryTicket()
    st.main()

query_tick_12306.py 获取车票信息

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
import random
from app01.selenium import resource
import logging


class QueryTicket:
    @classmethod
    def getRandomHeaders(self):
        # 随机选取User-Agent头
        return random.choice(resource.UserAgents)

    def main(self, url):
        # 构建返回数据JSON
        result = {
            "describe": None,
            "data": None,
        }
        logging.captureWarnings(True)
        options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
        options.add_argument('--disable-infobars')
        options.add_argument('--start-maximized')
        options.add_argument('user-agent={}'.format(self.getRandomHeaders))
        options.add_argument('--headless')
        browser = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=options)
        try:
            all_train_number_list = []
            # url = self.splicing_url(start_city, end_city, start_time)
            browser.get(url)
            browser.implicitly_wait(10)
            button = (By.XPATH, "//tbody[@id='queryLeftTable']/tr")
            WebDriverWait(browser, 20, 0.5).until(EC.presence_of_element_located(button))
            # 获取总信息
            train_number_describe = browser.find_element_by_xpath("//div[@id='sear-result']/p").text
            result["describe"] = train_number_describe
            element = browser.find_element_by_xpath("//tbody[@id='queryLeftTable']")
            # 找到所有车次
            lists = element.find_elements_by_xpath("./tr[@class='bgc'] | tr[@class='']")
            for i in lists:
                all_train_number_dict = {}
                # 车次
                train_number = i.find_element_by_xpath(".//a[@class='number']").text
                # 出发站
                departure_station = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//div[@class='cdz']/strong")[0].text
                # 到达站
                destination = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//div[@class='cdz']/strong")[1].text
                # 出发时间
                departure_time = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//div[@class='cds']/strong")[0].text
                # 到达时间
                arrival_time = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//div[@class='cds']/strong")[1].text
                # 历时 ,总时间
                duration_total_time = i.find_element_by_xpath(".//div[@class='ls']/strong").text
                # 历时，是否当日到达
                duration_describe = i.find_element_by_xpath(".//div[@class='ls']/span").text
                # 商务座,特等座
                business_seat = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[1].text
                # 一等座
                first_class_seat = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[2].text
                # 二等座
                two_class_seat = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[3].text
                # 高级软卧
                high_grade_soft_berth = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[4].text
                # 软卧一等卧
                first_class_sleeping = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[5].text
                # 动卧
                moving_position = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[6].text
                # 硬卧二等卧
                two_class_sleeping = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[7].text
                # 软座
                soft_seats = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[8].text
                # 硬座
                hard_seat = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[9].text
                # 无座
                no_seat = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[10].text
                # 其它
                other = i.find_elements_by_xpath(".//td")[11].text

                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("车次", train_number)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("出发站", departure_station)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("到达站", destination)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("出发时间", departure_time)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("到达时间", arrival_time)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("历时总时间", duration_total_time)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("历时是否当日到达", duration_describe)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("商务座特等座", business_seat)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("一等座", first_class_seat)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("二等座", two_class_seat)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("高级软卧", high_grade_soft_berth)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("软卧一等卧", first_class_sleeping)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("动卧", moving_position)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("硬卧二等卧", two_class_sleeping)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("软座", soft_seats)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("硬座", hard_seat)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("无座", no_seat)
                all_train_number_dict.setdefault("其它", other)
                all_train_number_list.append(all_train_number_dict)
            result['data'] = all_train_number_list
            return result
        except Exception as e:
            print(e)
            return result
        finally:
            browser.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    pass

utils里面有一个文件，接口访问限制

throttle.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8
"""
自定义的访问限制类
"""
from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle

class MyThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):

    scope = "rate"  # rate是名字，可以随便定义！

    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        return self.get_ident(request)

所有配置好后，运行django