发布时间:2019-09-08 09:13:06编辑:auto阅读(1419)
Python之所以应用越来越广泛,在一定程度上也依赖于其为程序员提供了大量的模块以供使用,如果想要使用模块,则需要导入。导入模块有一下几种方法:
import module from module.xx.xx import xx from module.xx.xx import xx as rename from module.xx.xx import *
导入模块其实就是告诉Python解释器去解释那个py文件
导入一个py文件,解释器解释该py文件
导入一个包,解释器解释该包下的 __init__.py 文件
那么问题来了,导入模块时是根据那个路径作为基准来进行的呢?即:sys.path
>>> import sys >>> print sys.path ['', 'C:\\WINDOWS\\SYSTEM32\\python27.zip', 'd:\\Python27\\DLLs', 'd:\\Python27\\lib', 'd:\\Python27\\lib\\plat-win', 'd:\\Python27\\lib\\lib-tk', 'd:\\Python27', 'd:\\Python27\\lib\\site-packages']
如果sys.path路径列表没有你想要的路径,可以通过 sys.path.append('路径') 添加。
通过os模块可以获取各种目录,例如:
import sys import os pre_path = os.path.abspath('../') sys.path.append(pre_path)
开源模块
下载安装有两种方式:
yum pip apt-get ...
下载源码 解压源码 进入目录 编译源码 python setup.py build 安装源码 python setup.py install
注:在使用源码安装时,需要使用到gcc编译和python开发环境,所以,需要先执行:
yum install gcc yum install python-devel 或 apt-get python-dev
安装成功后,模块会自动安装到 sys.path 中的某个目录中,如:
/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/
二、导入模块
同自定义模块中导入的方式
三、模块 paramiko
paramiko是一个用于做远程控制的模块,使用该模块可以对远程服务器进行命令或文件操作,值得一说的是,fabric和ansible内部的远程管理就是使用的paramiko来现实。
1、下载安装
# pycrypto,由于 paramiko 模块内部依赖pycrypto,所以先下载安装pycrypto
# 下载安装 pycrypto
wget https://ftp.dlitz.net/pub/dlitz/crypto/pycrypto/pycrypto-2.6.1.tar.gz tar -xvf pycrypto-2.6.1.tar.gz cd pycrypto-2.6.1 python setup.py build python setup.py install
# 进入python环境,导入Crypto检查是否安装成功
# 下载安装 paramiko
wget http://pkgs.fedoraproject.org/repo/pkgs/python-paramiko/paramiko-1.10.1.tar.gz/4ba105e2d8535496fd633889396b20b7/paramiko-1.10.1.tar.gz tar -xvf paramiko-1.10.1.tar.gz cd paramiko-1.10.1 python setup.py build python setup.py install
# 进入python环境,导入paramiko检查是否安装成功
2、使用模块
#!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8 import paramiko ssh = paramiko.SSHClient() ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy()) ssh.connect('192.168.1.108', 22, 'alex', '123') stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df') print stdout.read() ssh.close();
通过秘钥登录之前要先将本地机器上账户www(这里用www为例)生成公钥,然后将公钥传到要操作的服务器上: [www@Python ~]$ ssh-keygen Generating public/private rsa key pair. Enter file in which to save the key (/home/www/.ssh/id_rsa): Created directory '/home/www/.ssh'. Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): Enter same passphrase again: Your identification has been saved in /home/www/.ssh/id_rsa. Your public key has been saved in /home/www/.ssh/id_rsa.pub. The key fingerprint is: 1e:ef:cf:cb:0d:91:c2:03:4c:ed:3d:f1:ab:05:55:e6 www@Python The key's randomart p_w_picpath is: +--[ RSA 2048]----+ | .. .o| | o . . .o | | o. . + E| | o. +.. | | S + oo . | | . o o .o | | . . .o | | . o.o | | ..=.. | +-----------------+ 将生成的公钥id_rsa.pub传到目标主机上,这里的目标主机为192.168.0.203 [www@Python ~]$ cd .ssh/ [www@Python .ssh]$ ssh-copy-id -i id_rsa.pub 192.168.0.203 www@192.168.0.203's password: Now try logging into the machine, with "ssh '192.168.0.203'", and check in: .ssh/authorized_keys to make sure we haven't added extra keys that you weren't expecting. import paramiko private_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa' key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(private_key_path) ssh = paramiko.SSHClient() ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy()) ssh.connect('主机名 ', 端口, '用户名', key) stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df') print stdout.read() ssh.close()
执行命令 - 通过密钥链接服务器
import os,sys import paramiko t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22)) t.connect(username='ryan',password='123') sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) sftp.put('/tmp/test.py','/tmp/test.py') t.close()
import os,sys import paramiko t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22)) t.connect(username='ryan',password='123') sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) sftp.get('/tmp/test.py','/tmp/test2.py') t.close()
通过秘钥等于远程主机然后查看进程占用资源:
#!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8 import paramiko host_lists=( ('server203','192.168.0.203'), ('server214','192.168.0.214'), ('server234','192.168.0.234'), ('server235','192.168.0.235'), ) def getServerInfo(host,user,keys,services): conn = paramiko.SSHClient() conn.load_system_host_keys() conn.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy()) conn.connect(host,22,user,keys) stdin,stdout,stderr = conn.exec_command("ps aux|awk '{print $3,$4,$5,$6,$11}'|grep %s" % services) info = stdout.read() conn.close() return info if __name__ == '__main__': print "hostname %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS services" for host in host_lists: info = getServerInfo(host[1],'www','pkey=key','rsyslogd') info_list = info.split() print "%s %s %s %s %s %s " % (host[0],info_list[0],info_list[1],info_list[2],info_list[3],info_list[4] )
上传或者下载文件 - 通过用户名和密码
import os,sys import paramiko t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22)) t.connect(username='wupeiqi',password='123') sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) sftp.put('/tmp/test.py','/tmp/test.py') t.close() import os,sys import paramiko t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22)) t.connect(username='wupeiqi',password='123') sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) sftp.get('/tmp/test.py','/tmp/test2.py') t.close()
上传或下载文件 - 通过密钥
import paramiko pravie_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa' key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path) t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22)) t.connect(username='wupeiqi',pkey=key) sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) sftp.put('/tmp/test3.py','/tmp/test3.py') t.close() import paramiko pravie_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa' key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path) t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22)) t.connect(username='wupeiqi',pkey=key) sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t) sftp.get('/tmp/test3.py','/tmp/test4.py') t.close()
内置模块
一、os
用于提供系统级别的操作 os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录,即当前python脚本工作的目录路径 os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录;相当于shell下cd os.curdir 返回当前目录: ('.') os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名:('..') os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2') 可生成多层递归目录 os.removedirs('dirname1') 若目录为空,则删除,并递归到上一级目录,如若也为空,则删除,依此类推 os.mkdir('dirname') 生成单级目录;相当于shell中mkdir dirname os.rmdir('dirname') 删除单级空目录,若目录不为空则无法删除,报错;相当于shell中rmdir dirname os.listdir('dirname') 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录,包括隐藏文件,并以列表方式打印 os.remove() 删除一个文件 os.rename("oldname","newname") 重命名文件/目录 os.stat('path/filename') 获取文件/目录信息 os.sep 输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符,win下为"\\",Linux下为"/" os.linesep 输出当前平台使用的行终止符,win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n" os.pathsep 输出用于分割文件路径的字符串 os.name 输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix' os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令,直接显示 os.environ 获取系统环境变量 os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径 os.path.split(path) 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回 os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素 os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以/或\结尾,那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素 os.path.exists(path) 如果path存在,返回True;如果path不存在,返回False os.path.isabs(path) 如果path是绝对路径,返回True os.path.isfile(path) 如果path是一个存在的文件,返回True。否则返回False os.path.isdir(path) 如果path是一个存在的目录,则返回True。否则返回False os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回,第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略 os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间 os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间
二、sys
用于提供对解释器相关的操作
sys.argv 命令行参数List,第一个元素是程序本身路径 sys.exit(n) 退出程序,正常退出时exit(0) sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息 sys.maxint 最大的Int值 sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径,初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值 sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称 sys.stdout.write('please:') val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]
三、hashlib
用于加密相关的操作,代替了md5模块和sha模块,主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ,MD5 算法
import
hashlib
# ######## md5 ########
hash
=
hashlib.md5()
hash
.update(
'admin'
)
print
hash
.hexdigest()
# ######## sha1 ########
hash
=
hashlib.sha1()
hash
.update(
'admin'
)
print
hash
.hexdigest()
# ######## sha256 ########
hash
=
hashlib.sha256()
hash
.update(
'admin'
)
print
hash
.hexdigest()
# ######## sha384 ########
hash
=
hashlib.sha384()
hash
.update(
'admin'
)
print
hash
.hexdigest()
# ######## sha512 ########
hash
=
hashlib.sha512()
hash
.update(
'admin'
)
print
hash
.hexdigest()
以上加密算法虽然依然非常厉害,但时候存在缺陷,即:通过撞库可以反解。所以,有必要对加密算法中添加自定义key再来做加密。
import
hashlib
# ######## md5 ########
hash
=
hashlib.md5(
'898oaFs09f'
)
hash
.update(
'admin'
)
print
hash
.hexdigest()
还不够吊?python 还有一个 hmac 模块,它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密
import hmac h = hmac.new('wueiqi') h.update('hellowo') print h.hexdigest() 不能再牛逼了!!!
四、json 和 pickle
用于序列化的两个模块
json,用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
pickle,用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换
Json模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load
>>> import pickle >>> data = {'k1':123,'k2':'Hello'}
#pickle.dumps将数据通过特殊的形式转换为只有python语言人事id字符串
>>> p_str = pickle.dumps(data) >>> print p_str (dp0 S'k2' p1 S'Hello' p2 sS'k1' p3 I123 s. >>>
#pickle.dump将数据通过特殊的形式转换为只有Python语言认识的字符串,并写入文件
>>> with open('/server/scripts/day005/result.pk','w') as fp: ... pickle.dump(data,fp) ...
import json
#json.dumps 将数据通过特殊的形式转换为所有程序语言都认识的字符串
>>> import json >>> j_str = json.dumps(data) >>> print j_str {"k2": "Hello", "k1": 123} >>>
#json.dump将数据通过特殊的形式转换为所有程序语言都能认识的字符串,并写入文件
>>> with open('/server/scripts/day005/result.json','w') as fp: ... json.dump(data,fp) ... >>>
注释:
①对于pickle和json他们的各自的四个方法dumps、dump、loads、load;dumps和loads是在内存里处理数据,即处理之后的数据还是在内存;而dump和load处理(换句话说就是序列化操作)后的数据存放到硬盘,即:dump将内存中的数据写入硬盘,load是将硬盘读出来(到内存)
②json不能序列化日期、类、生成器等数据;而pickle则可以序列化目前所有数据,至少目前没有出现不可以被pickle序列化数据。
五、执行系统命令
可以执行shell命令的相关模块和函数有:
os.system
os.spawn*
os.popen* --废弃
popen2.* --废弃
commands.* --废弃,3.x中被移除
import commands result = commands.getoutput('cmd') result = commands.getstatus('cmd') result = commands.getstatusoutput('cmd'
以上执行shell命令的相关的模块和函数的功能均在 subprocess 模块中实现,并提供了更丰富的功能。
call
执行命令,返回状态码
执行命令,如果执行状态码是 0 ,则返回0,否则抛异常
ret =subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"]) ret =subprocess.check_call("exit 1", shell=True)
shell = True ,允许 shell 命令是字符串形式,换句话说将参数传递给shell,交给shell去执行
如果subprocess.check_output执行shell命令通过Python的方式,那么必须给subprocess.check_output传递一个列表,否则会报错:
>>> subprocess.check_output(["df","-Th"]) 'Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on\n/dev/sda2 ext4 39G 2.3G 34G 7% /\ntmpfs tmpfs 175M 0 175M 0% /dev/shm\n/dev/sda1 ext4 194M 32M 153M 18% /boot\n' >>>
>>> subprocess.check_output("df -Th") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py", line 566, in check_output process = Popen(stdout=PIPE, *popenargs, **kwargs) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py", line 710, in __init__ errread, errwrite) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py", line 1335, in _execute_child raise child_exception OSError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory >>>
以shell的方式执行系统命令:
>>> subprocess.check_output("df -Th",shell=True) 'Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on\n/dev/sda2 ext4 39G 2.3G 34G 7% /\ntmpfs tmpfs 175M 0 175M 0% /dev/shm\n/dev/sda1 ext4 194M 32M 153M 18% /boot\n' >>>
check_call
执行命令,如果状态码是 0 ,则返回执行结果,否则抛异常
subprocess.check_output(["echo", "Hello World!"]) subprocess.check_output("exit 1", shell=True) subprocess.Popen(...)
check_output
执行命令,如果状态码是 0 ,则返回执行结果,否则抛异常
subprocess.check_output(["echo", "Hello World!"]) subprocess.check_output("exit 1", shell=True)
subprocess.Popen(...)
用于执行复杂的系统命令
参数:
args:shell命令,可以是字符串或者序列类型(如:list,元组)
bufsize:指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
stdin, stdout, stderr:分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
preexec_fn:只在Unix平台下有效,用于指定一个可执行对象(callable object),它将在子进程运行之前被调用
close_sfs:在windows平台下,如果close_fds被设置为True,则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。
shell:同上
cwd:用于设置子进程的当前目录
env:用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None,子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
universal_newlines:不同系统的换行符不同,True -> 同意使用 \n
startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数,用于设置子进程的一些属性,如:主窗口的外观,进程的优先级等等
import subprocess ret1 = subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","t1"]) ret2 = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t2", shell=True)
终端输入的命令分为两种:
输入即可得到输出,如:ifconfig
输入进行某环境,依赖再输入,如:python
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t3", shell=True, cwd='/home/dev',)
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ') obj.stdin.close() cmd_out = obj.stdout.read() obj.stdout.close() cmd_error = obj.stderr.read() obj.stderr.close() print cmd_out print cmd_error
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ') out_error_list = obj.communicate() print out_error_list
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) out_error_list = obj.communicate('print "hello"') print out_error_list
六、shutil
高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块
shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中,可以部分内容
def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024): """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst""" while 1: buf = fsrc.read(length) if not buf: break fdst.write(buf)
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
拷贝文件
def copyfile(src, dst): """Copy data from src to dst""" if _samefile(src, dst): raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst)) for fn in [src, dst]: try: st = os.stat(fn) except OSError: # File most likely does not exist pass else: # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...) if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode): raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn) with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc: with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst: copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
shutil.copymode(src, dst)
仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变
def copymode(src, dst): """Copy mode bits from src to dst""" if hasattr(os, 'chmod'): st = os.stat(src) mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode) os.chmod(dst, mode)
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
拷贝状态的信息,包括:mode bits, atime, mtime, flags
def copystat(src, dst): """Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst""" st = os.stat(src) mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode) if hasattr(os, 'utime'): os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime)) if hasattr(os, 'chmod'): os.chmod(dst, mode) if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'): try: os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags) except OSError, why: for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP': if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err): break else: raise
shutil.copy(src, dst)
拷贝文件和权限
def copy(src, dst): """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst"). The destination may be a directory. """ if os.path.isdir(dst): dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src)) copyfile(src, dst) copymode(src, dst)
shutil.copy2(src, dst)
拷贝文件和状态信息
def copy2(src, dst): """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst"). The destination may be a directory. """ if os.path.isdir(dst): dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src)) copyfile(src, dst) copystat(src, dst)
shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
递归的去拷贝文件
例如:copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
def ignore_patterns(*patterns): """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter. Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns that are used to exclude files""" def _ignore_patterns(path, names): ignored_names = [] for pattern in patterns: ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern)) return set(ignored_names) return _ignore_patterns def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None): """Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2(). The destination directory must not already exist. If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons. If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic links are copied. The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir(): callable(src, names) -> ignored_names Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a list of names relative to the `src` directory that should not be copied. XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool. """ names = os.listdir(src) if ignore is not None: ignored_names = ignore(src, names) else: ignored_names = set() os.makedirs(dst) errors = [] for name in names: if name in ignored_names: continue srcname = os.path.join(src, name) dstname = os.path.join(dst, name) try: if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname): linkto = os.readlink(srcname) os.symlink(linkto, dstname) elif os.path.isdir(srcname): copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore) else: # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types copy2(srcname, dstname) # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can # continue with other files except Error, err: errors.extend(err.args[0]) except EnvironmentError, why: errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why))) try: copystat(src, dst) except OSError, why: if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError): # Copying file access times may fail on Windows pass else: errors.append((src, dst, str(why))) if errors: raise Error, errors
shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
递归的去删除文件
def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None): """Recursively delete a directory tree. If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func, path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir; path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info(). If ignore_errors is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised. """ if ignore_errors: def onerror(*args): pass elif onerror is None: def onerror(*args): raise try: if os.path.islink(path): # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669 raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link") except OSError: onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info()) # can't continue even if onerror hook returns return names = [] try: names = os.listdir(path) except os.error, err: onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info()) for name in names: fullname = os.path.join(path, name) try: mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode except os.error: mode = 0 if stat.S_ISDIR(mode): rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror) else: try: os.remove(fullname) except os.error, err: onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info()) try: os.rmdir(path) except os.error: onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件
def move(src, dst): """Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is similar to the Unix "mv" command. If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already exist. If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics. If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used. Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed. A lot more could be done here... A look at a mv.c shows a lot of the issues this implementation glosses over. """ real_dst = dst if os.path.isdir(dst): if _samefile(src, dst): # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem, # perform the rename anyway. os.rename(src, dst) return real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src)) if os.path.exists(real_dst): raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst try: os.rename(src, real_dst) except OSError: if os.path.isdir(src): if _destinsrc(src, dst): raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst) copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True) rmtree(src) else: copy2(src, real_dst) os.unlink(src)
shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)
创建压缩包并返回文件路径,例如:zip、tar
base_name: 压缩包的文件名,也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时,则保存至当前目录,否则保存至指定路径,
如:www =>保存至当前路径
如:/Users/ryan/www =>保存至/Users/ryan/
format:压缩包种类,“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”,“gztar”
root_dir:要压缩的文件夹路径(默认当前目录)
owner:用户,默认当前用户
group:组,默认当前组
logger:用于记录日志,通常是logging.Logger对象
#将 /Users/ryan/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录
import shutil ret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/ryan/Downloads/test')
#将 /Users/ryan/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/ryan/目录
import shutil ret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/ryan/wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/ryan/Downloads/test')
def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0, dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None): """Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar). 'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar" or "gztar". 'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the archive. 'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from; ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and directories in the archive. 'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default to the current directory. Returns the name of the archive file. 'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default, uses the current owner and group. """ save_cwd = os.getcwd() if root_dir is not None: if logger is not None: logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir) base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name) if not dry_run: os.chdir(root_dir) if base_dir is None: base_dir = os.curdir kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger} try: format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format] except KeyError: raise ValueError, "unknown archive format '%s'" % format func = format_info[0] for arg, val in format_info[1]: kwargs[arg] = val if format != 'zip': kwargs['owner'] = owner kwargs['group'] = group try: filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs) finally: if root_dir is not None: if logger is not None: logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd) os.chdir(save_cwd) return filename
shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的,详细:
import zipfile
# 压缩
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w') z.write('a.log') z.write('data.data') z.close()
# 解压
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r') z.extractall() z.close()
zipfile 压缩解压
import tarfile
# 压缩
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w') tar.add('/Users/ryan/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip') tar.add('/Users/ryan/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip') tar.close()
# 解压
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r') tar.extractall() # 可设置解压地址 tar.close()
九、time
时间相关的操作,时间有三种表示方式:
时间戳 1970年1月1日之后的秒,即:time.time()
格式化的字符串 2014-11-11 11:11, 即:time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
结构化时间 元组包含了:年、日、星期等... time.struct_time 即:time.localtime()
print
time.time()
print
time.mktime(time.localtime())
print
time.gmtime()
#可加时间戳参数
print
time.localtime()
#可加时间戳参数
print
time.strptime(
'2014-11-11'
,
'%Y-%m-%d'
)
print
time.strftime(
'%Y-%m-%d'
)
#默认当前时间
print
time.strftime(
'%Y-%m-%d'
,time.localtime())
#默认当前时间
print
time.asctime()
print
time.asctime(time.localtime())
print
time.ctime(time.time())
import
datetime
'''
datetime.date:表示日期的类。常用的属性有year, month, day
datetime.time:表示时间的类。常用的属性有hour, minute, second, microsecond
datetime.datetime:表示日期时间
datetime.timedelta:表示时间间隔,即两个时间点之间的长度
timedelta([days[, seconds[, microseconds[, milliseconds[, minutes[, hours[, weeks]]]]]]])
strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
'''
import
datetime
print
datetime.datetime.now()
print
datetime.datetime.now()
-
datetime.timedelta(days
=
5
)
十、re
re模块用于对python的正则表达式的操作。
字符:
. 匹配除换行符以外的任意字符
\w 匹配字母或数字或下划线或汉字
\s 匹配任意的空白符
\d 匹配数字
\b 匹配单词的开始或结束
^ 匹配字符串的开始
$ 匹配字符串的结束
次数:
* 重复零次或更多次
+ 重复一次或更多次
? 重复零次或一次
{n} 重复n次
{n,} 重复n次或更多次
{n,m} 重复n到m次
IP:^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$ 手机号:^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\d{8}$
1、match(pattern, string, flags=0)
从起始位置开始根据模型去字符串中匹配指定内容,匹配单个
正则表达式
要匹配的字符串
标志位,用于控制正则表达式的匹配方式
import re obj = re.match('\d+', '123uuasf')if obj: print obj.group()
# flags
I = IGNORECASE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE # ignore case
L = LOCALE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_LOCALE # assume current 8-bit locale
U = UNICODE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_UNICODE # assume unicode locale
M = MULTILINE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE # make anchors look for newline
S = DOTALL = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_DOTALL # make dot match newline
X = VERBOSE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE # ignore whitespace and comments
flags
2、search(pattern, string, flags=0)
根据模型去字符串中匹配指定内容,匹配单个
import re obj = re.search('\d+', 'u123uu888asf')if obj: print obj.group()
3、group和groups
a = "123abc456"
print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group()
print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(0)
print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(1)
print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(2)
print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).groups()
4、findall(pattern, string, flags=0)
上述两中方式均用于匹配单值,即:只能匹配字符串中的一个,如果想要匹配到字符串中所有符合条件的元素,则需要使用 findall。
import re obj = re.findall('\d+', 'fa123uu888asf')print obj
5、sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0)
用于替换匹配的字符串
content = "123abc456"new_content = re.sub('\d+', 'sb', content)# new_content = re.sub('\d+', 'sb', content, 1)print new_content
相比于str.replace功能更加强大
6、split(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0)
根据指定匹配进行分组
content = "'1 - 2 * ((60-30+1*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2) )'"new_content = re.split('\*', content)# new_content = re.split('\*', content, 1)print new_content
content = "'1 - 2 * ((60-30+1*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2) )'"new_content = re.split('[\+\-\*\/]+', content)# new_content = re.split('\*', content, 1)print new_content
inpp = '1-2*((60-30 +(-40-5)*(9-2*5/3 + 7 /3*99/4*2998 +10 * 568/14 )) - (-4*3)/ (16-3*2))'inpp = re.sub('\s*','',inpp) new_content = re.split('\(([\+\-\*\/]?\d+[\+\-\*\/]?\d+){1}\)', inpp, 1)print new_content
相比于str.split更加强大
十一、random
随机数
import random
print
random.random()
#随机生成一个小数
>>> print random.random() 0.932943374323 >>> print random.random() 0.791924942212 >>> print random.random() 0.936765303812
print
random.randint(
1
,
2
)
#在1~2之间生成一个整数
>>> print random.randint(1,2) 2 >>> print random.randint(1,2) 2 >>> print random.randint(1,2) 1 >>>
print
random.randrange(
1
,
10
)
#在1~10这个区间随机生成一个数字
>>> print random.randrange(1,10) 6 >>> print random.randrange(1,10) 1 >>> print random.randrange(1,10) 2 >>> print random.randrange(1,10) 3 >>> print random.randrange(1,10) 2 >>>
随机验证码实例:
import random checkcode = '' for i in range(4): current = random.randrange(0,4) if current != i: temp = chr(random.randint(65,90)) else: temp = random.randint(0,9) checkcode += str(temp) print checkcode
运行结果为:
[www@Python auto]$ python randomnum.py SKOC [www@Python auto]$ python randomnum.py Y8IJ [www@Python auto]$ python randomnum.py 6UNB [www@Python auto]$ python randomnum.py Q79T [www@Python auto]$ python randomnum.py TPSQ [www@Python auto]$
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