发布时间:2019-09-26 07:21:27编辑:auto阅读(1942)
关键词: Python
type() #查看类型
dir() help() len()
open() #文本文件的输入输出
range() enumerate() zip() #循环相关
iter() #循环对象
map() filter() reduce() #函数对象
abs(-2) #取绝对值
round(2.3) #取整
pow(3,2) #乘方
cmp(3.1, 3.2) #比较大小
divmod(9, 7) #返回除法的结果和余数
max([2, 4, 6, 8]) #求最大值
min([1, 2, -1, -2]) #求最小值
sum([-1, 1, 5, 7]) #求和
int(“10”) #字符转为整数
float(4) #转为浮点数
long(“17”) # 转为长整数
str(3.5) #转为字符串
complex(2, 5) #返回复数2 + 5i
ord(“A”) #A对应的ascii码
chr(65) #ascii码对应的字符
unichr(65) #数值65对应的unicode字符
bool(0) #转换为相应的真假值,0相当于False
btw:”空” 值相当于False:[],(),{},0,None,0.0
all([True, 2, “wow!”]) #是否所有元素相当于True,全为True则为True
any([0, “”, False, [], None]) #是否有元素相当于True
sorted([1, 7, 4]) #序列升序排序
reversed([1, 5, 3]) #序列降序排序
list((1, 2, 3)) #tuple转换为表list
tuple([4, 5, 4]) #list转换为tuple
dict(a=3, b=”hi”, c=[1,2,3]) #构建字典
d = dict(a=3, b=”hi”, c=[1,2,3]) #d则为字典,字典的引用方式d[“a”]的值为3
input(‘input something’) #等待用户输入
globals() #返回全局变量名,函数名
locals() #返回局部命名空间
import os
os.system('cls')
实例:
import urllib2
request = urllib2.Request("http://www.baidu.com")
response = urllib2.urlopen(reques)
print response.read()
urlopen(url, data, timeout)
其中
- url为URL
- data为访问URL时要传送的数据
- timeout是设置超时时间
- 返回response对象
- read方法可以返回获取到的网页内容
GET方式是直接以链接形式访问,链接中包含了所有的参数
POST把提交的数据放置在HTTP包的包体中
Python
''' one
two
three'''
定义一个函数放在test.py文件中,然后添加一个above_freezing函数,则可创建一个名为test的模块。如:
def to_celsius(t):
return(t-32.0) * 5.0 / 9.0
def above_freezing(t):
return t>0
用法:字符串.方法
如”good”.capitalize(),输出为’Good’
在python中,列表list除了正向索引,还可以
逆向索引
,最后一个索引从-1开始
>>>a = [0,1,2,3,4]
>>>a[-1]
4
数字、字符串、元组tuple创建后不可变
>>>a = [1,2,3,4]
>>>b = a + [5]
[1,2,3,4,5]
>>>a = [1,2]
>>>b = a * 2
[1,2,1,2] #复制一遍加进去
>>>a = [1,2,3,4]
>>>for i in a:
>>> print i
1
2
3
4
形式:list[i:j]
其中包含i处的值,不含j处的值,i可以省略(从头开始时),若从头到尾,则可写为list[:]
list[i][j]
f = open("test.txt","r")
f.read() #read()没有参数则表示读取所有数据
“r” 表示读取
“w” 表示写入
“a” 表示追加
f = open("test.txt","r")
for i in test:
print len(i) #将打印出每一行的字符数
f = open("test.txt","r")
for i in test:
print len(i.strip()) #将去除字符串收尾两端的空白符(空格、制表符、换行符等),并返回结果
and,二元运算符
or,二元运算符
not
关系运算符
> 大于
< 小于
= 大于等于
<= 小于等于
== 等于
!= 不等于
优先级
算术运算符 > 关系运算符 > 布尔运算符
>>>if condition:
>>> block
>>>if condition:
>>> block
>>>elif condition:
>>> bolck
>>>range(1,5)
[1,2,3,4,5]
>>>range(5,8)
[5,6,7,8]
>>>range(3)
[0,1,2]
>>>range(1,10,2)
[1,3,5,7,9]
>>>for i in enumerate("abc"):
>>> print i
(0,'a')
(1,'b')
(2,'c')
>>>while condition:
>>> block
>>>text = ""
>>>while text != "quit":
>>> text = raw_input("Please enter a chemical formula (or 'quit' to exit):")
>>> if text == "quit":
>>> print"...exiting program"
>>> elif text == "H20":
>>> print"Water"
>>> elif text == "NH3":
>>> print "Ammonia"
>>> elif text == "CH3":
>>> print "Methane"
>>> else:
>>> print "Unknown compound"
>>>f = open("test.txt","r")
>>>for line in f:
>>> line = line.strip() #去掉每行两端的空字符
>>> print line
>>>import urllib
>>>url = "http://www.baidu.com"
>>>page = urllib.urlopen(url)
>>>for ling in page:
>>> line = line.strip() #去掉每行两端的空字符
>>> print line
>>>f = open("test.txt","r") #读取文件
>>>a = [] #存放的列表a中
>>>for i in f:
>>> b = i.split() #字符行转换为列表
>>> for x in range(len(b)):
>>> b[x] = float(b[x])
>>> a.append(b) #将列表b添加到a中
>>>f = open("test.txt","r")
>>>f.write(“computer science") #写入,会覆盖源文件内容
>>>f.close()
>>>f = open("test.txt","a") #"a"追加数据,不会覆盖
>>>f.write(“computer science") #写入,不会覆盖源文件内容
>>>f.close()
read([size]) #以字符串 形式返回文件数据,可选的size参数用于说明读取的字节数
readlines([size]) #将文件返回为行列表,可选参数size
write(str) #将字符串写入文件
close() #关闭句柄
flush() #情况内部I/O缓存区,并将数据强行写回磁盘
seek(pos) #移动到指定的文件位置(整数)
tell() #以整数形式返回当前文件位置
closed #如果文件已关闭,则为True
集合的运算
并 union
交 intersection
添加 add
移除 remove
add() #往集合中添加一个元素,如a.add(9)
>>>a = set([0,1,2])
>>>b = set([1,3])
>>>a.difference(b)
set([0,2])
>>>a = set([0,1,2])
>>>b = set([1,3])
>>>a.intersection(b)
set([1])
>>>a = set([0,1,2])
>>>b = set([1,3])
>>>a.issubset(b)
False
>>>a = set([0,1,2])
>>>a.remove(1)
set([0,2])
>>>a = set([0,1,2])
>>>b = set([1,3])
>>>a.symmetric_difference(b)
set([0,2,3])
>>>a = set([0,1,2])
>>>b = set([1,3])
>>>a.union(b)
set([0,1,2,3])
散列表元素可以是:布尔值、数字、字符串、元组tuple(不可是列表list)
>>>zidian = {"1":"cat","2":"dog"}
>>>del zidian["1"] #删除字典元素
>>>zidian
{"2":"dog"}
>>>zidian = {"1":"cat","2":"dog"}
>>>for i in zidian:
>>> print i,zidian[i]
"1","cat"
"2","dog"
>>>zidian = {"1":"cat","2":"dog"}
>>>zidian.get("1",99)
>>>zidian.get("3",99)
'cat'
99
keys() #以列表的形式返回字典的所有键。所得到的列表中国的每个条目肯定是唯一的。如 zidian.keys()
>>>zidian = {"1":"cat","2":"dog"}
>>>zidian.keys()
['1','2']
items() #返回(key, value)列表,zidian.items()
>>>zidian = {"1":"cat","2":"dog"}
>>>zidian.items()
[('1','dog'),('2','cat')]
values() #以列表的形式返回字典的所有值。所得列表中的每个条目不一定是唯一的。zidian.values()
>>>zidian = {"1":"cat","2":"dog"}
>>>zidian.values()
['dog','cat']
update() #用另一个字典的内容对当前字典进行更新。zidian.update()
>>>zidian = {"1":"cat","2":"dog"}
>>>zidian2 = {"3":"tiger"}
>>>zidian.update(zidian2)
>>>zidian
{"1":"cat","2":"dog","3":"tiger"}
>>>counts = [809,834,477,478,307]
>>>low = min(counts)
>>>min_index = counts.index(low) #索引方式counts.index()
>>>print min_index
4
def find_two_smallest(L):
'''Return a tuple of the indices of the two smallest values in list L.'''
获取列表L中的最小元素
找出这个最小元素的索引
从列表中移除该元素
找出列表L中新的最小元素的索引
return 这两个索引
def find_two_smallest(L):
'''Return a tuple of the indices of the two smallest values in list L.'''
smallest = min(L)
min1 = L.index(smallest)
L.remove(smallest)
next_smallest = min(L)
min2 = L.index(next_smallest)
return 这两个索引
注意算法的计算效率
>>>def linear_search(v,L):
>>> i = 0
>>> while i != len(L) and L[i] != v:
>>> i += 1
>>> return i
>>>def linear_search(v,L):
>>> i = 0
>>> for value in L:
>>> if value == v:
>>> return i
>>> i += 1
>>> return len(L)
>>>def linear_search(v,L):
>>> L.append(v)
>>> i = 0
>>> while L[i] != v:
>>> i += 1
>>> L.pop()
>>> return i
def binary_search(v,L):
i = 0
j = len(L) - 1
while i != j + 1:
m = (i+j)/2
if L[m] < v:
i = m + 1
else:
j = m -1
if 0 <= i < len(L) and L[i] == v:
return i
else:
return -1
def selection_sort(L):
i = 0
while i != len(L):
smallest = find_min(L,i)
L[i],L[smallest] = L[smallest], L[i]
i += 1
def find_min(L,b):
i = b + 1
while i != len(L):
if L[i] < L[smallset]:
i += 1
return smallest
def insertion_sort(L):
i = 0
while i != len(L):
insert(L,i)
i += 1
def insert(L,b):
#find where to insert L[b] by searching backwards from L[b] for a smaller item.
i = b
while i != 0 and L[i-1] <= L[b]:
i = i - 1
#move L[b] to index i, shifting the following values to the right.
value = L[b]
del L[b]
L.insert(i,value)
合并排序(merge sort)
冒泡排序(bubble sort)
#求传入参数的最大值
def our_max(*values):
'''Find the maximum of any number of values.'''
if not values:
return None
m = values[0]
for v in values[1:]:
if v > m:
m = v
return
our_max(1)
1
our_max(1,2)
2
our_max(3,1,2,5,4,-17)
5
values前面的*的作用:告诉python将当次调用的所有参数做成一个元组,并将该元组赋值给values。当没有提供任何值的时候,values就会被赋值为一个空元组。
def append_all(old, *new):
for n in new:
old.append(n)
return old
values = []
append_all(values,1,2,3)
[1,2,3]
append_all(values)
[1,2,3]
python不允许单个函数中出现两个或两个以上的星号参数,因为在将它们跟值进行配对的过程中会出现歧义。
def describe_creature(name, species, age, weight):
return '%s (%s): %d years, %d kg' %(name,species,age,weight)
print describe_creature(name = 'Charles', species = 'Homo', age = 28, weight = 70) #按照参数正常顺序传入
Charles(Homo): 28 years, 70 kg
def describe_creature(name, species, age, weight):
return '%s (%s): %d years, %d kg' %(name,species,age,weight)
print describe_creature(age = 28, species = 'Homo', name = 'Charles', weight = 70) #变换参数顺序
Charles(Homo): 28 years, 70 kg
from Tkinter import *
window = Tk() #创建根窗口
from Tkinter import *
window = Tk() #创建根窗口
label = Label(window, text = "this is our label.")
label.pack() #pack()方法
pack()方法,其它插件也可以用,用于将该插件置入其父插件中,并告诉其父插件要根据实际情况改变其大小。如果忘记了调用该方法,则子插件要么就不显示,要么就显示不正确。
Frame 组织其它插件
from Tkinter import *
window = Tk()
frame = Frame(window)
frame.pack()
first = Label(frame, text = "first label")
first.pack()
second = Label(frame, text = "second label")
second.pack()
third = Label(frame, text = "third label")
third.pack()
window.mainloop()
from Tkinter import *
window = Tk()
frame = Frame(window)
frame.pack()
var = StringVar()
label = Label(frame, textvariable = var)
label.pack()
entry = Entry(frame, textvariable = var)
entry.pack()
window.mainloop()
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