发布时间:2019-09-24 08:24:40编辑:auto阅读(1448)
解构
In [8]: lst = [1,2] In [9]: lst Out[9]: [1, 2] In [10]: first,second = lst #解构 In [11]: print(first,second) 1 2
按照元素顺序,把线性结构的元素赋值给变量
解构的变化
In [21]: lst = list(range(10)) In [22]: lst Out[22]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] In [23]: head,*mid,tail = lst In [24]: head Out[24]: 0 In [25]: tail Out[25]: 9 In [26]: mid Out[26]: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] In [27]: head,*_,tail = lst In [28]: head Out[28]: 0 In [29]: tail Out[29]: 9
Python的一个惯例, 使用单个下划线 _ 表示丢弃该变量
封装
In [12]: t = 1,2 In [13]: t Out[13]: (1, 2) In [14]: type(t) Out[14]: tuple In [15]: t1 = (1,2) In [16]: t2 = 1,2 In [17]: t1 Out[17]: (1, 2) In [18]: t2 Out[18]: (1, 2)
封装出来的一定是元祖
集合--没有重复元素
定义及初始化
In [31]: s = set() In [32]: s Out[32]: set() In [33]: s = {1,2,3} In [34]: s Out[34]: {1, 2, 3} In [35]: s = set(range(5)) In [36]: s Out[36]: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
集合的操作
增加
In [37]: s Out[37]: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} In [38]: s.add(9) #增加单个元素 In [39]: s Out[39]: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9} In [40]: s.add(9) #增加已经存在的元素,什么也不做 In [41]: s Out[41]: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9} In [42]: s.update(range(10,15)) #增加多个元素 In [43]: s Out[43]: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14}
删除
In [44]: s Out[44]: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14} In [45]: s.remove(1) In [46]: s Out[46]: {0, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14} In [47]: s.pop() Out[47]: 0 In [48]: s Out[48]: {2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14} In [49]: s.pop() Out[49]: 2 In [50]: s.pop() Out[50]: 3 In [51]: s.pop() Out[51]: 4 In [52]: s.pop() Out[52]: 9 In [53]: s.pop() Out[53]: 10 In [54]: s.pop() Out[54]: 11 In [55]: s.discard(13) In [56]: s Out[56]: {12, 14}
remove 删除给定的元素, 元素不存在抛出KeyError
discard 删除给定的元素, 元素不存在,什么也不做
pop 随机删除一个元素并返回, 集合为空,抛出KeyError
clear 清空集合
集合不能修改单个元素,不能通过索引查找,集合没有访问单个元素的方法,集合元素没有顺序,元素必须课hash
集合运算
交集、并集、差集、对分差集
In [57]: s1 = {1,2,3} In [58]: s2 = {2,3,4} In [59]: s1.intersection(s2) Out[59]: {2, 3} In [60]: s1 & s2 Out[60]: {2, 3} In [61]: In [61]: s1.union(s2) Out[61]: {1, 2, 3, 4} In [62]: s1 | s2 Out[62]: {1, 2, 3, 4} In [63]: In [63]: s1.difference(s2) Out[63]: {1} In [64]: s1 - s2 Out[64]: {1} In [65]: In [65]: s1.symmetric_difference(s2) Out[65]: {1, 4} In [66]: s1 ^ s2 Out[66]: {1, 4}
集合的判断
In [67]: s1 = {1,2,3,4} In [68]: s2 = {2,3} In [69]: s2.issubset(s1) Out[69]: True In [70]: s1.issuperset(s2) Out[70]: True In [71]: In [71]: In [71]: s1.isdisjoint(s2) # 判断两个集合是否有交集, 如果有交集返回False, 没有交集返回True Out[71]: False
字典--是一种key-value结构
定义及初始化
In [72]: d = {} In [73]: d Out[73]: {} In [74]: d = dict{} In [75]: d = dict() In [76]: d Out[76]: {} In [77]: d = {'a':1,'b':2} In [78]: d Out[78]: {'a': 1, 'b': 2} In [79]: d = dict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)]) In [80]: d Out[80]: {'a': 1, 'b': 2} In [81]: d = dict.fromkeys(range(5),'ab') In [82]: d Out[82]: {0: 'ab', 1: 'ab', 2: 'ab', 3: 'ab', 4: 'ab'}
增加、修改
In [83]: d Out[83]: {0: 'ab', 1: 'ab', 2: 'ab', 3: 'ab', 4: 'ab'} In [84]: In [84]: d['a'] = 5 In [85]: d Out[85]: {0: 'ab', 1: 'ab', 2: 'ab', 3: 'ab', 4: 'ab', 'a': 5} In [86]: d.update([('b',5),('c',6)]) In [87]: d Out[87]: {0: 'ab', 1: 'ab', 2: 'ab', 3: 'ab', 4: 'ab', 'a': 5, 'b': 5, 'c': 6} In [88]: d.update({'d':2,'r':6}) In [89]: d Out[89]: {0: 'ab', 1: 'ab', 2: 'ab', 3: 'ab', 4: 'ab', 'a': 5, 'd': 2, 'b': 5, 'c': 6, 'r': 6}
删除
In [91]: d.pop(0) Out[91]: 'ab' In [92]: d Out[92]: {1: 'ab', 2: 'ab', 3: 'ab', 4: 'ab', 'a': 5, 'd': 2, 'b': 5, 'c': 6, 'r': 6} In [93]: d.popitem() #随机删除 Out[93]: (1, 'ab')
字典的遍历
In [100]: d Out[100]: {'b': 5, 'c': 6, 'r': 6} In [101]: for x in d: ...: print(x) ...: b c r In [102]: d.keys() Out[102]: dict_keys(['b', 'c', 'r']) In [103]: d.values() Out[103]: dict_values([5, 6, 6]) In [104]: d.items() Out[104]: dict_items([('b', 5), ('c', 6), ('r', 6)]) In [105]: for v in d.values(): ...: print(v) ...: 5 6 6 In [106]: for x in d.items(): ...: print(x) ...: ('b', 5) ('c', 6) ('r', 6) In [107]: for k,v in d.items(): ...: print(k,v) ...: b 5 c 6 r 6
字典的key不可重复,需要可hash
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